Tbilisi is the capital of Georgia and the largest city in the country. Its population is approximately 1.3 million people, about one third of the country’s population. As in most Soviet cities, during the USSR period Tbilisi had a strictly regulated master plan. Urban development was regulated by a centralized system of planning and state control.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Tbilisi existed without an approved development plan (as did many post-Soviet cities). For nearly 30 years, the city evolved without a unified strategy, until the first post-Soviet master plan was adopted in 2019.
From the early 2000s, alongside Georgia’s economic growth, the construction sector also became increasingly active. Without a master plan and under limited regulatory control, spontaneous construction became a dominant mode of urban growth. This period is characterized by dense and fragmented development, where high-rise residential buildings coexist with single-storey houses and public spaces are frequently privatized. The city expanded significantly, at times reaching its natural topographical limits. Some buildings that were initiated during this period remain unfinished to this day, becoming a permanent element of the urban landscape.
At the same time, it became evident that many Soviet-era structures, created within the ideology of a large-scale state, exceed the needs of contemporary Georgia. For example, a major railway station built shortly before the collapse of the USSR and designed to handle around 50 trains per day now serves only 5 trains per day. Many Soviet facilities have been repurposed and assigned new functions, while others have been abandoned. Traces of unclaimed Soviet heritage can still be found today, particularly on the city’s periphery.
In my ongoing project, I explore the urban spaces of Tbilisi, focusing primarily on its peripheral areas, where the consequences of lost planning and unfinished development are most apparent.